Last verified: 2026-09-02. Every figure below carries the source that produced it and the date that source was pulled.
Three of the biggest salary databases measured CCIE pay in the US this year. They disagree by $46,000.
| Source | US figure | What it measures | Pulled |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZipRecruiter | $138,200 median | Every job posting mentioning CCIE | Aug 2026 |
| Payscale | $151,000 average | 201 self-reported CCIE holders | 2026-07-03 |
| Glassdoor | $184,125 average | Roles titled “CCIE Engineer” | 2026 |
None of them is wrong. They’re counting different people.
ZipRecruiter sweeps up every listing where CCIE appears anywhere, including mid-level roles that list it as one of five nice-to-haves. That drags the number down. Glassdoor filters to roles where CCIE is the job title, so it captures the people hired specifically as expert-level engineers. Payscale sits between the two because it asks working engineers what they’re paid, and its respondents skew late-career.
If you’re planning a career, use the Glassdoor and Payscale figures. They describe CCIE-primary roles. The ZipRecruiter median describes the job market’s general appetite for the letters on your CV.
And if you’re not in the US, none of these three numbers apply to you at all. Skip to the country table.
Where these numbers come from
Most salary guides give you a figure and no way to check it. Here’s our method, so you can repeat it.
What we used, and what it’s good for:
- IT Jobs Watch (UK) publishes percentiles from live job advertisements, with the vacancy count and the exact date range. It’s the strongest methodology of any source in this article, because it counts what employers actually offered rather than what people say they earn.
- Glassdoor and Payscale are self-reported. Good for direction, weaker on precision, and both skew toward people who bother to fill in a salary survey.
- ZipRecruiter parses job ads. Broad coverage, loose definition of the role.
- Training-provider blogs are the main source of country-level CCIE figures outside the US and UK. Treat them carefully. Several of them sell CCIE courses, and their numbers vary by a factor of six for the same market. We show that spread below rather than hiding it inside an average.
What we deliberately don’t do:
We don’t convert local salaries into USD. Exchange rates move more than salaries do, and a rate conversion tells you nothing about what the money buys. A CCIE earning ₹25 LPA in Bangalore and one earning $150K in Dallas are not separated by the number a currency converter gives you.
We also don’t publish a single global average. There isn’t one that means anything.
Where we’re estimating. Five tables in this guide carry no external dataset behind them, because none exists at that granularity: pay by experience band, by track, by industry, by US city, and the CCNA to CCNP to CCIE ladder. No salary database segments CCIE by track or by industry, so every published version of those tables anywhere is somebody’s estimate. Ours are built from the Glassdoor and Payscale distributions, the bands we see in job listings, and what our own students report back after they’re hired. We’ve marked each of those tables so you know which is which.
What we couldn’t verify: Cisco doesn’t publish a live count of active CCIEs, and it doesn’t publish per-track certification numbers or official pass rates. Any figure you see for those is an outside estimate. We’ve labelled ours accordingly.
CCIE salary by country
This is the section most CCIE salary guides skip. Ours used to skip it too.
The countries with solid data
United States
| Measure | Figure | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Median (all CCIE-mentioning roles) | $138,200 | ZipRecruiter, Aug 2026 |
| Average (self-reported holders) | $151,000 | Payscale, 2026-07-03 |
| Average (“CCIE Engineer” title) | $184,125 | Glassdoor, 2026 |
| 90th percentile | $294,326 | Glassdoor, 2026 |
| Hourly range | $20.19 to $85.10 | ZipRecruiter, Aug 2026 |
United Kingdom
The best-documented CCIE market anywhere. IT Jobs Watch tracked 83 permanent vacancies citing CCIE over the six months to 2026-09-02.
| Percentile | Salary |
|---|---|
| 10th | £44,600 |
| 25th | £71,250 |
| Median | £77,500 |
| 75th | £98,125 |
| 90th | £110,750 |
By location, same period:
| Location | Vacancies | Median | Year on year |
|---|---|---|---|
| London | 49 | £87,500 | +25.00% |
| England | 65 | £85,000 | +28.30% |
| UK excluding London | 26 | £65,000 | +8.33% |
| Work from home | 26 | £77,500 | +14.81% |
UK median CCIE pay rose 19.23% year on year, up from £65,000 in the same period of 2025. That’s the sharpest documented rise in any market we checked.
One correction worth flagging: an earlier version of this guide put UK CCIE pay at £90,000 to £130,000. That range starts above the actual 75th percentile. We got it wrong, and the IT Jobs Watch percentiles above replace it.
Canada
| Measure | Figure | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Average, “CCIE Engineer” | CAD $89,387 | Glassdoor Canada, June 2026 |
| 25th percentile | CAD $68,110 | Glassdoor Canada, June 2026 |
| 75th percentile | CAD $120,077 | Glassdoor Canada, June 2026 |
| 90th percentile | CAD $161,395 | Glassdoor Canada, June 2026 |
This is lower than most CCIE guides claim for Canada, including an earlier version of this one. Glassdoor’s Canadian sample includes contract and consultant roles under the same title, which pulls the average down. Senior in-house CCIEs at Canadian banks and telecoms sit in the upper quartile, above CAD $120,000. If you want the wider Canadian certification market, we break it down in IT certification jobs in Canada 2026.
The countries where the data is thin
We’d rather tell you the data is weak than dress up a guess.
India. Payscale’s Indian CCIE page reports an average of ₹2M per year (₹20 LPA) from 137 respondents, but it was last updated in November 2023. That’s nearly three years stale in a market that’s moved. Current Indian figures come almost entirely from training providers, and they don’t agree with each other. See why India’s numbers disagree below.
United Arab Emirates. Payscale reports AED 183,000 average, from 31 respondents, last updated 2023-05-13. Thirty-one people is a small sample and three years is a long time. Regional salary aggregators put Dubai CCIE pay anywhere between AED 121,500 and AED 228,000 per year, with an outer range from AED 35,759 to AED 306,386. The spread tells you the honest answer: Gulf CCIE pay depends far more on your employer type and your passport than on the certification.
Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Pakistan, Malaysia, Philippines, Germany. We found no benchmark dataset with a current date for CCIE specifically in these markets. Anyone quoting you a precise 2026 figure for them is estimating. If you’re in one of these markets, use the method in check your own number instead of trusting anyone’s table, including ours.
CCIE salary per month
Annual figures are the norm in North America and the UK. In much of Asia and the Gulf, people are paid and quoted monthly. Here are the same verified figures divided out.
| Market | Monthly, before tax | Derived from |
|---|---|---|
| US median | ~$11,500 | ZipRecruiter $138,200/yr, Aug 2026 |
| US, CCIE Engineer title | ~$15,300 | Glassdoor $184,125/yr, 2026 |
| UK median | ~£6,460 | IT Jobs Watch £77,500/yr, Sep 2026 |
| UK, London median | ~£7,290 | IT Jobs Watch £87,500/yr, Sep 2026 |
| Canada average | ~CAD $7,450 | Glassdoor CAD $89,387/yr, June 2026 |
These are simple twelfths of the annual figure. Real monthly pay differs from this in two ways worth knowing. Gulf packages often split base pay from housing and transport allowances, so a quoted “salary” may be half your actual monthly cash. And UK and US roles frequently carry a bonus that doesn’t appear in a monthly figure at all.
CCIE salary by experience
Visual representation of CCIE certification salary growth, highlighting potential earnings reaching over $250K in 2026.
SMEnode Academy estimate, built from the Glassdoor and Payscale distributions plus student-reported offers.
| Years post-CCIE | Typical US range | Typical role |
|---|---|---|
| 0 to 2 | $130,000 to $150,000 | Senior network engineer |
| 3 to 5 | $155,000 to $180,000 | Lead engineer, senior consultant |
| 6 to 10 | $180,000 to $210,000 | Principal engineer, network architect |
| 10+ | $210,000 to $250,000+ | Architect, practice lead, independent consultant |
These are US figures for technical roles. Management tracks run higher.
Just passed the lab? The 0 to 2 band probably reads lower than you hoped.
Here’s why. The CCIE proves expert knowledge. It doesn’t yet prove you’ve applied that knowledge to a production network at 2am with a change window closing. Employers pay for the first at $130,000 and for the second at considerably more. Most CCIEs move through that first band fast, because the second thing arrives quickly once you’re in the role.
One thing that moves the needle more than years: what kind of network you worked on.
Experience that raises your number: large-scale deployments over 500 devices, multi-vendor environments, security incident response, cloud migration work, and automation you actually wrote and shipped.
Experience that doesn’t: monitoring dashboards, help desk escalation, single-vendor work in small environments, and configuration-only roles.
A CCIE with five years at a Fortune 500 will out-earn one with ten years at a series of small regional shops. Hiring managers read the environment, not just the number.
CCIE salary by track
SMEnode Academy estimate. No salary database segments CCIE by track, so these bands come from job listings and student-reported offers, not a published dataset.
| Track | US average | Top 10% | Demand driver |
|---|---|---|---|
| Security | $175,000 | $230,000+ | Small talent pool, constant threat pressure |
| Automation (was DevNet Expert) | $170,000 | $225,000+ | Programmable infrastructure, Python and Ansible skills |
| Data Center | $168,000 | $220,000+ | Hybrid cloud migration work |
| Enterprise Infrastructure | $162,000 | $210,000+ | Largest job pool, most competition |
| Service Provider | $158,000 | $200,000+ | Telecom and ISP stability |
| Collaboration | $155,000 | $195,000+ | Narrower, steadier demand |
DevNet Expert is now CCIE Automation
If you’re looking for the DevNet Expert track, it doesn’t exist under that name any more.
Cisco announced the change in May 2025, and on 2026-02-03 the whole DevNet family moved into the CCNA, CCNP and CCIE taxonomy. DevNet Associate became CCNA Automation. DevNet Professional became CCNP Automation. DevNet Expert became CCIE Automation.
Existing holders were migrated automatically. No retest, no new exam, new badges issued by Cisco.
The rename matters beyond the paperwork. Cisco is saying automation isn’t a specialism sitting beside networking any more, it’s part of the job. Engineers who hold an expert-level cert and can write the automation that handles routine work are the best-paid people in the field right now. If that’s the direction you want, we cover the pay picture separately in network automation engineer salary 2026.
Why Security leads
The talent pool is tight and the demand isn’t going anywhere. Cisco doesn’t publish per-track certification counts, so anyone quoting you an exact number of CCIE Security holders is estimating. What’s observable is the hiring behaviour: security-focused CCIEs consistently clear 15% to 20% above their enterprise counterparts, and top earners in financial services reach consulting-level compensation in a full-time role.
We break the security track down properly in our CCIE Security salary guide.
What about CCDE?
The Cisco Certified Design Expert sits at the same expert tier as the CCIE but tests design rather than build. There’s no scenario where you configure a device.
CCDE holders are rarer than CCIEs, and the roles are almost exclusively architect and pre-sales positions. Reliable salary data for CCDE specifically doesn’t exist at any scale, because the population is too small for the salary databases to segment. What’s consistent in the job market is that CCDE roles are advertised at or above senior CCIE architect level, and they trend toward consultancy and vendor positions rather than in-house operations.
If you’re already a CCIE and moving toward architecture, CCDE is the natural next credential. If you’re choosing between them from scratch, the CCIE has far more job listings behind it.
Which track should you pick?
Don’t chase the top of the table.
A motivated CCIE Security candidate out-earns a bored Enterprise candidate every time, because passion is visible in an interview and boredom is too. Pick the work you’d still want to do at 2am.
That said, if you’re genuinely torn, Security and Automation have the strongest trajectories for 2026 and beyond.
CCIE salary by industry
SMEnode Academy estimate, from job listings and student-reported offers.
| Industry | Typical US range |
|---|---|
| Financial services | $180,000 to $240,000 |
| Big tech | $175,000 to $230,000 |
| Consulting | $160,000 to $250,000+ |
| Telecom and ISP | $150,000 to $190,000 |
| Healthcare | $145,000 to $180,000 |
| Government | $130,000 to $165,000 |
Consulting has the widest range for a reason. It’s the only row where your own business development affects the number.
CCIE salary by US city
SMEnode Academy estimate, from job listings and student-reported offers.
| Location | Typical CCIE salary | Cost of living |
|---|---|---|
| San Francisco Bay Area | $195,000 | High |
| New York metro | $185,000 | High |
| Seattle | $180,000 | High |
| Austin | $165,000 | Medium |
| Chicago | $160,000 | Medium |
| Dallas | $155,000 | Medium |
| Remote, US-based | $160,000 | Varies |
Remote changed the calculation. You can now earn close to metro rates from a lower-cost region, though not every employer plays along. Location-independent pay is common at the top end and rare at the bottom.
Why every Indian CCIE salary number disagrees
Search for CCIE salary in India and you’ll get five confident answers that can’t all be true.
| Source | Stated figure |
|---|---|
| Network Bulls | Starts at ₹8 to 12 LPA |
| PyNet Labs | ₹10 to 25 LPA, freshers ₹7 to 12 LPA |
| Nitiz Sharma | ₹12 to 35 LPA |
| Nitiz Sharma (course guide) | ₹15 to 40 LPA |
| Networkers Home | ₹18 to 50 LPA, most settle at ₹25 to 35 LPA |
| Payscale India | ₹2M (₹20 LPA) average, 137 respondents, last updated Nov 2023 |
The bottom of that range is ₹8 LPA. The top is ₹50 LPA. Same certification, same country, same year.
Three things explain the spread.
Who’s counting. Every source above except Payscale is a training provider publishing placement figures from its own alumni. A provider that places engineers into large enterprises reports large numbers. One that places freshers into support roles reports small ones. Both are telling the truth about their own students.
Whether prior experience is included. A “fresher CCIE” in India often means someone with zero production experience who studied for the lab directly. A CCIE with eight years at a telco before certifying is a different hire entirely. Sources that don’t separate these produce meaningless averages.
City and employer type. Bangalore and Hyderabad carry a premium of roughly 15% to 20% over other metros. A vendor R&D centre, a global capability centre and a domestic system integrator pay three different rates for the identical certification.
What to do with this: ignore the averages. Find three job listings that match your city, your years, and your target employer type, and read the bands they publish. That’s a more accurate forecast than any table on any site, ours included.
How CCIE compares to CCNA and CCNP
CCIE row from Payscale and Glassdoor, 2026. CCNA and CCNP rows are SMEnode Academy estimates from job listings.
| Level | US average salary | Typical experience |
|---|---|---|
| CCNA | $65,000 to $85,000 | 0 to 2 years |
| CCNP | $95,000 to $125,000 | 3 to 6 years |
| CCIE | $150,000 to $200,000+ | 5 to 10+ years |
The step from CCNP to CCIE is the biggest jump in the Cisco ladder, typically 40% to 60%.
That gap isn’t really about the certificate. It’s about what the lab exam demonstrates: problem-solving under time pressure, depth that survives an unfamiliar failure, and the ability to troubleshoot something you’ve never seen before. Roughly 25% to 30% of candidates pass the lab on their first attempt. Your CCIE number is evidence you’re in that group.
Working out which rung to aim for next? We compare them directly in CCIE vs CCNP, and the entry level is covered in our CCNA salary guide.
The CCIE career path
Progression from CCNA to CCNP and CCIE certifications in networking.
Almost nobody starts as a CCIE. The usual route:
Years 1 to 2. Network admin or NOC. Get the CCNA. Learn how networks behave when they’re broken, not just when they’re drawn on a whiteboard.
Years 3 to 5. Network engineer. Earn the CCNP. Start specialising. Build lab habits.
Years 5 to 8. Senior engineer, CCIE preparation begins. Most people need 18 to 24 months of focused study here.
Years 8+. CCIE. Architect roles, consulting, or technical leadership.
It’s a long road. At year 10 a CCIE typically clears $200,000 while a non-certified engineer at the same experience level sits near $95,000. The full route is mapped in our CCIE career path roadmap.
Can you go faster? Self-study takes most people two to three years. Structured training with dedicated lab time cuts it to 8 to 12 months. The lab exam needs at least 500 hours of hands-on practice either way, and that number isn’t negotiable.
Is the CCIE worth the investment?
Let’s do the arithmetic with the current fees.
Exam costs, 2026:
| Item | Cost |
|---|---|
| Core qualifying exam | $400 |
| Lab exam, BYOD at a Cisco facility or mobile lab | $1,600 |
| Lab exam, Cisco kit option at a mobile lab | $1,900 |
Note that these are per attempt. With a first-attempt pass rate near 25% to 30%, budget for at least one retake. Our full breakdown, including travel and the costs people forget, is in CCIE exam cost 2026.
Everything else:
| Item | Cost |
|---|---|
| Training programme | $3,000 to $15,000 |
| Home lab equipment | $500 to $2,000 |
| Practice lab subscription | $500 to $1,500 per year |
| Study materials | $200 to $500 |
Total realistic investment: $5,000 to $20,000, depending on how much you do alone.
The return. Take the CCNP band midpoint at $110,000 and the Payscale CCIE average at $151,000. That’s a $41,000 annual gap. Even at the $20,000 end of the investment, you break even inside six months of the salary increase landing.
Over a twenty-year career at that gap, the difference is over $800,000. Use Glassdoor’s CCIE Engineer average instead of Payscale’s and it clears $1.4M. We’ve used the more conservative of the two.
Two honest caveats. The gap assumes you get a CCIE-level role, not just the certificate. And salary progression isn’t linear, so a straight twenty-year multiplication is a rough guide rather than a forecast.
The parts that don’t show up in the salary figure: CCIEs rarely face long unemployment, the credential opens management, consulting and technical tracks equally, and negotiating as a CCIE is a structurally different conversation than negotiating as a CCNP.
Is CCIE still worth it with AI?
Every network engineer is asking this in 2026. It deserves a straight answer.
AI has changed how networks are managed. It hasn’t replaced the engineers who understand how they work.
Automated tooling now handles routine monitoring, configuration drift detection and first-line troubleshooting. That work used to fill a large part of a network engineer’s day. It doesn’t any more, and if that was most of your job, your job has changed.
What the tooling doesn’t do: design a 500-site WAN from a blank page, chase a subtle routing loop causing intermittent loss that only appears under load, assess a security posture against a threat category that didn’t exist last quarter, or make the architectural call that a company lives with for a decade.
That’s CCIE-level work. It’s judgement, not pattern matching against known configurations.
There’s a second effect worth noticing. Automation hasn’t reduced demand for CCIE expertise, it’s relocated it. The highest-paid people in networking right now hold expert-level certification and write the automation. Cisco’s rename of the expert automation track in February 2026 is the vendor saying the same thing out loud.
What working CCIEs actually report
Salary databases have a known bias: people report when they’re pleased with the number.
The long-running r/ccie discussion on whether the $150K average is real is worth reading precisely because it isn’t curated. The recurring themes across those threads, and across conversations with our own students:
- The certification alone rarely triggers a raise at your current employer. Changing jobs does.
- Consulting and contract rates run well above employed rates, at the cost of stability. Independent CCIE consultants commonly bill $150 to $300 per hour.
- Engineers who negotiated with a competing written offer report materially better outcomes than those who asked without one.
- The pay bump usually arrives at the job change six to twelve months after certification, not at the moment of passing.
We’re citing these as reported patterns from practitioner discussion, not as measured data. Weight them accordingly.
How to check your own number
The tables above are averages, and you’re not an average. Here’s the twenty-minute version of proper salary research.
- Pull ten current job listings matching your track, your city and your experience band. Use LinkedIn and Indeed for your country. In India add Naukri, in the Gulf add GulfTalent.
- Record only the listings that publish a band. Ignore the ones that don’t, don’t guess at them.
- Take the median of those bands, not the mean. One outlier consulting role will distort a mean badly at this sample size.
- Adjust for employer type. Financial services and big tech sit above the median. Government and healthcare sit below it. This is consistent across every market we checked.
- Check the year-on-year direction for your market before you negotiate. UK CCIE pay rose 19.23% in the last twelve months. Walking into that conversation with last year’s figure costs you real money.
That process beats any published table, including this one, because it uses your market on the day you’re asking.
Maximising your CCIE salary
Keep it current. CCIE requires recertification every three years. A lapsed cert reads as disengagement.
Stack it. CCIE plus a cloud certification commands a premium. Security CCIEs holding CISSP or OSCP stand out further.
Learn the automation. If Python, Ansible and Terraform aren’t in your toolkit yet, start now. CLI-only engineers are the group whose salaries are flattening. Our CCIE Automation training covers this directly.
Understand hybrid. Knowing how on-premises networks connect into AWS, Azure and GCP separates good CCIEs from the ones who get pulled into the interesting projects.
Consider consulting. Even part-time consulting alongside a full-time role moves total income noticeably.
Negotiate with data. Use the method above, not a remembered figure.
Preparing for the lab exam
The CCIE has two stages.
Stage 1, qualifying exam. Two hours, multiple choice, theory. Must be passed before you can book the lab.
Stage 2, lab exam. Eight hours, hands-on. Design, deploy, operate and optimise modules. First-attempt pass rate is roughly 25% to 30%.
Each track has its own blueprint and exam topics, published by Cisco and updated between versions. Check the current blueprint for your track directly on Cisco’s certification site before you build a study plan, because studying an outdated blueprint is the most expensive mistake in CCIE prep.
The lab is where most candidates come unstuck. Eight hours of sustained configuration and troubleshooting isn’t something you can cram. Self-study candidates typically need 500+ hours of lab time, and the value of an instructor who has sat the exam is mostly in the months of trial and error you skip.
Explore our expert-level CCIE training
Frequently asked questions
How much does a CCIE make?
In the US, between $138,200 and $184,125 depending on which dataset you use and how the role is defined. ZipRecruiter’s median across all CCIE-mentioning postings is $138,200 as of August 2026. Glassdoor’s average for roles titled CCIE Engineer is $184,125. Payscale sits between them at $151,000. Outside the US the figures differ substantially: the UK median is £77,500 and the Canadian average is CAD $89,387.
What is the starting salary for a new CCIE?
New CCIEs in the US typically start between $130,000 and $150,000, assuming at least five years of prior networking experience. The figure rises quickly once you’ve applied expert-level knowledge in production.
Which CCIE track pays the most?
Security, averaging around $175,000 in the US with top earners above $230,000. CCIE Automation and Data Center follow closely. Enterprise Infrastructure is the most popular track and shows slightly lower averages because supply is higher.
How many active CCIEs are there?
Cisco doesn’t publish a live count. Industry estimates put the number under 50,000 worldwide. Cisco does state that fewer than 1% of networking professionals reach expert level, which is the more reliable framing.
What is the passing rate for the CCIE lab exam?
Roughly 25% to 30% on the first attempt. Cisco doesn’t publish official pass rates, so this figure comes from training providers and candidate reporting rather than the vendor.
How long does it take to become a CCIE?
Self-study typically takes two to three years. Structured training with lab access reduces it to 8 to 12 months. Both routes need at least 500 hours of hands-on lab practice.
How much does the CCIE cost?
$400 for the core qualifying exam and $1,600 for the lab using the BYOD option, or $1,900 for the Cisco kit option at a mobile lab. Both are per attempt. Total investment including training usually lands between $5,000 and $20,000.
Is the CCIE salary worth the exam difficulty?
On the arithmetic, yes. The gap over CCNP runs at roughly $41,000 a year using conservative figures, which repays even a $20,000 investment inside six months. The caveat is that the gap requires landing a CCIE-level role, not just holding the certificate.
Do remote CCIE positions pay less?
Not necessarily. UK data shows work-from-home roles at a £77,500 median, identical to the national median and above the £65,000 median outside London. Many employers now pay location-independent rates for senior technical roles.
How often do CCIEs need to recertify?
Every three years, by passing any expert-level exam or completing continuing education credits.
What happened to DevNet Expert?
It became CCIE Automation on 2026-02-03. Cisco announced the change in May 2025 and migrated all active DevNet certifications automatically, with no retesting required.
Bottom line
The honest summary is shorter than most salary guides want it to be.
In the US, a CCIE in a CCIE-titled role averages $184,125, and the broader market median across all roles mentioning CCIE is $138,200. In the UK the median is £77,500 and rising fast, up 19.23% in a year. In Canada the average is CAD $89,387. Everywhere else, the published data is too thin to trust, and the right move is to check ten current listings in your own market.
Security and Automation lead the tracks. The gap over CCNP is real and large. The lab exam is hard for a reason, and roughly seven in ten candidates don’t pass it first time.
If those numbers make the road look worth walking, our live CCIE training puts you in a class with an instructor who has passed the exam, a group that answers when you’re stuck at midnight, and unlimited lab access. That’s the part a video course can’t do.
Salary figures verified 2026-09-02 against ZipRecruiter (Aug 2026), Glassdoor (2026), Payscale (2026-07-03), IT Jobs Watch (six months to 2026-09-02) and Glassdoor Canada (June 2026). Exam fees from Cisco’s expert certification pricing. Where a figure is our own estimate rather than a published dataset, we’ve said so in the text.
